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The Best Jamaica Essay Ever

The dissemination of culture in Jamaica since the British conquest.

Introduction

Jamaica is an island located in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba. Its culture represents a rich blend of cultures which inhabited the Greater Antilles Island in Jamaica. Before they were conquered by the Spanish in 1509, Jamaica was inhabited by the Arawak natives. Afterwards the British took the Island in 1655 and the Spanish tried to retake the island in 1670 but they failed. This essay will explain how multiple conquests ended the regional culture, as they have become and how the mixing factor altered traditions and beliefs of these civilizations. We will also investigate about important history moments created the Jamaican culture today.

The pre-conquest period in Jamaica.

The Europeans called America “The New World” however only because they didn’t know about its existence. In fact, the Caribbean islands were populated 10,000 years before the Europeans discovered it.

Jamaica was inhabited by the Arawak natives, also known as the Tainos (Arawak), came from the Antilles and they arrived to Jamaica around 650 A.D, after they settled, their lives were interrupted by another tribe called the “Carib” tribe, this Carib Indians were warlike and gained his name from the Spanish word cannibal, for this reason they were extremely feared in throughout the region. They attacked Jamaica’s Tainos (Arawak) tribe repeatedly times before the Spanish arrived.

There’s no written evidence of the Tainos (Arawak) culture, the only facts that we know is that the Tainos (Arawak) were extremely peaceful and nature lovers of nature, as other pre-Hispanic tribes they were polytheists and also they led a predominantly seafaring lifestyle and much of their food came from the sea.

Although there is a lack of information about these tribes, we know that they had their own religious organization. They also had politics and other social structures-albeit, but, not as complex as in the actual Jamaica. And also the Arawak had their own language.

Also the Arawak tribe inhabited the Haitian isle of Quisqueya (The mother of the lands), Santo Domingo de Guzmán today, located in the Caribbean Sea, at the mouth of the Ozama River. They were a nomad tribe and they were populating almost 50% of the Caribbean isles.

The Arawak people were primitive but they had an appreciation of art and culture represented by their achievements in simple graphical recreations (drawings and primitive sculptures). They also had religious ceremonies which included games, dances, guttural songs and primitive percussion music. One of these games is the Areyto, it was a similar game to soccer and they played in the Batéy (an arena-like field flanked with big stones depicting images of the Arawak religion).They drank alcohol made from fermented corn, and used tobacco in religious or important ceremonies.

Men and Women decorated their bodies with natural oil paints and they wore jewelry made of gold, stone, bone and shell.  The women were physically attractive; they were slim and athletic, with voluminous bodies. The Arawak people used a loincloth adorned with images and stylish forms.

The Arawak developed the hammock (hamaca), an object which is known to have developed in Mesoamerican tribes, which was first encountered by the Spaniards on the island they subsequently named Hispaniola. This object was made of cotton and was easily to wash if it was soiled or to carry in long- time journeys.

In the lectures of ethnology in 1851 by Robert Gordon Latham he said:

The Pe-i-man is the Arawak Shaman. He it is who names the children – for a consideration. Failing this, the progeny goes nameless; and to go nameless is to be obnoxious to all sorts of misfortunes. Imposture is hereditary; and as soon as the son of a conjuror enters his twentieth year, his right ear is pierced, he is required to wear a ring, and he is trusted with the secrets of the craft."[1]

The cultural richness of these tribes is very broad but the limitations of this essay may restrict us to cover all of the aspects and subjects.  

The Spanish conquest and the consequences.

Before the Spanish conquered Jamaica they conquered Haiti and they called Espanola, arriving in Port Navidad, where the Arawak people had also settled, although a peaceful people, the Taino did not simply sit around waiting for the Spaniards to bring about their destruction. In fact, it did not take long after Columbus’s arrival for the Haitian Taino to revolt against the Spanish conquest of the island. The first offensive reaction of the Taino against their invasion was carried out as early as  1492 by the destruction of the Fort Navidad following Columbus’ return to Spain.

The Spanish have settled in Jamaica in 1509 near St. Anne’s Bay, but earlier, Christopher Columbus settled on the island from 1503 to 1504, for 1517 the Arawak were almost eradicated by illness, slavery and violent treatment. In 1534 the Spanish moved their settlement to a place they have named Villa de la Vega, renamed for the British as Spanish Town, when they conquered the island on 1655, this territory served as a capital to both, Spanish and British Jamaica from its foundation in 1534 until 1872 when the capital was moved to Kingston. Spanish Jamaica was known for the numerous privateer attacks. And between this dates the Spanish were importing African slaves to practically all the world.

The Spanish started forgetting Jamaica because they were more focused on the American colonies, because Jamaica did not have the wealth of the new territories.

The British conquest and the consequences.

In 1655 the British took the island. There were numerous Spanish attempts to retake the island since 1670 but they never did.

Oliver Cromwell dispatched a fleet commanded by Admiral Penn to the West Indies, with troops commanded by General Venables, with the order to conquer Hispaniola from the Spanish. Hispaniola turned out to be too strongly defended, so Penn took his fleet to Jamaica.

The Spanish fortifications were weak and the Spanish outnumbered the English. Penn issued an ultimatum; the Spanish liberated their slaves, trained them in Guerilla warfare and left Jamaica for Cuba. The English marched into a deserted island capital, Spanish Town. This nowadays changed to be Kingston.

By 1659, two hundred houses and commercial establishments were constructed around the English forts, but by 1692, the town was completely destroyed by an earthquake that took place. Jamaica became the most important possession for the English because it was the bigger producer of sugar cane and coffee by African slaves. This fact was negative after 150 years because the population of Jamaica was in extraordinary masses composed by slaves and this brought numerous slave conspiracies. In 1834 the BritishEmpire took the decision of the abolition of slavery, but it was not until the guarantee of rights in 1838 that they had more liberty, however, this fact, and these promises were broke repeatedly times marked by the Morant Bay rebellion led by Paul Bogle. After all these riots and struggles finally Jamaica had his independence in august 6, 1962.

Jamaica Today.

The culture in Jamaica is a blend of many civilizations starting with the Arawak settlers, and continuing with the Spanish and English conquerors that brought African slaves; this last civilization became the dominant cultural force of the island today. In Jamaica the predominant language is the English, however, there are local languages as the Patois or better known as the Jamaican Creole that consists in a series of dialects conformed by the African language and the standard English, the dialect became an official local language when Claude McKay published his job Poems of Jamaica, conformed by a code switching style.

In religion, the population inclines to the Christian faith, but it exist other dominant religion that is the Baha’i Faith in Jamaica begins with a mention by `Abdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, in 1916 as Latin America being among the places Baha’is should take the religion to. [2] The community of the Baha’is begun in 1942 with the arrival of Dr. Malcolm King. [3] The first Baha’i Local Spiritual Assembly of Jamaica, in Kingston, was elected in 1943.

Although, there is a movement that is considered a religion and it’s the Rastafarian movement, originated in 1930, particularly expressed in reggae music, in the 1970s, Bob Marley was the biggest exponent of this movement, starting a whole new perspective about life, philosophy and faith. Today the reggae music is centered in the protests subjects and the vision of a free world, this religion is based on the old and new testament from the bible, but particularly in the book of revelations. Some of the Rasta cultural traditions include wearing dreadlocks and eating unprocessed foodstuffs but one of the most controversial tradition is to smoke cannabis or ganja, this substance is completely prohibited by many governments in the world what make this fact the reason why the Rasta were attacked repeatedly times by police officers or anti-drugs movements.

The dancing in Jamaica is very important prehistorically, and also in the present Early folk rhythms and movements often enhanced Christian religious celebrations, or were associated with Christian holidays. More recently, dances have become associated with the music of Jamaica, particularly dancehall styles.

More than 30 distinctive Jamaican dances have been identified. According to the National Library of Jamaica, traditional Jamaican dances fall roughly under three categories: African derived, European derived and Creole.[4] The Africa derived dance tradition is divided into two types: religious dances and social dances. Religious African dances, such as the ritualistic Kumina, Myal and Pocomania, are integral parts of worship ceremonies. The aim is to bring the dancers into the realm of the spiritual and heighten their readiness for possession. This part of Jamaica's African heritage has mainly been preserved by the Maroon Communities.

In the movie industry Jamaica is not as well know as might be others, but they have a wide catalog were we can enjoy some of their biggest works asThe Harder They Come, Shottas, Third World Cop, "Rockers", "Countryman" and Dancehall Queen, few of the best-known Jamaican movies. However, many popular Hollywood movies have also been filmed in Jamaica. A short list includes The Blue Lagoon, Cocktail, Cool Runnings and James Bond films, Dr. No and Live and Let Die.

Jamaica's leading annual film event The Reggae Film Festival takes place each February in Jamaica's capital city, Kingston. Members of Jamaica's film industry gather here to make new links and many new projects have grown from the event.

The government in Jamaica is consists of the Prime Minister, the Honorable Bruce Golding, and a minimum of thirteen other Ministers of Government, who must be members of one of the two Houses of Parliament. However, not more than four members of the Cabinet may be members of the Senate. The Minister of Finance must be an elected member of the House of Representatives.

Conclusion

Jamaica is a perfect example of the dissemination of cultures, its richness in the first civilization was destroyed in an abrupt and rude way, this blend of cultures had made Jamaica what is today, but the ancient civilizations are vanishing, like other civilizations as the Indians in Canada or the Mayans on Central America.

The British Empire in his false search of freedom corrupted and raped the rights of many natives. The aim of this essay was to inform and give a detailed investigation of a culture that was forgotten by the society.

In my opinion, the British Empire played the role of the fascist oppressors, but they globalized the English language and this form of oppression was perfect for the conquering and war methods.

References and bibliography:        

1. Latham, Robert Gordon, (1851). The ethnology of the British colonies and dependencies – Indians of British Guiana, London: John van Voorst, pp.259.

2. Abbas, `Abdu'l-Bahá; Mirza Ahmad Sohrab, trans. and comments (April 1919), Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation

3. Bridge, Abena (2000-07-05), "Divine rites - Uncovering the faiths", Jamaican Gleaner News

4.A b c the National Library of Jamaica (2003). Dances. Retrieved 17 January 2007.

Internet

http://jamaica-guide.info/past.and.present/history/arawak.taino/

http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/jamaica.html

http://www.native-languages.org/arawak_culture.htm

Imagism

circus

a clown with a red nose and a colored suit, playing and dancing all over the place, moving between the people. a lion eating a big steak and enjoying placently the show with his 4 legs, tail, hair, and big jaws.

imagism poem
colors, balloons, red noses and kids
only toones, calming voices with a meat

clowns and games with colors
a lion claims food with oddors

A History Of Britain: The Wrong Empire

A History of Britain: The Wrong Empire

1. What was the British idea of liberty before the Empire began its exploration, colonization and settlement of North America? The liberty was like their religion.

2. The sugar plantation became a significant British interest in various parts of the New World.  Why was sugar so important at the time and what were the consequences of this interest? Because they needed for the commercialization of the tea and their own and the consequence was the slavery.

3. Slavery and Empire, what was the relationship between the two and, what was the inherent contradiction between the ideals of Empire and its actuality in practice?  That the empire wanted to praise the liberty as the greatest value, and they were the first working slaves and everything because of the sugar commercialization they wanted to turn men into work animals and they did.

4. Describe the conditions of the slave ships. It was a huge ship with rows of men lying together in chains, fighting against illness, infections and hunger.

5. The conception of death the slaves held differs dramatically from the norm, how so and, do you think there conception of death was justified/justifiable? Because they thought that the only way of being free was death, they were treated like animals without rights and facing abuses and racism.

6. General Wolfe´s conquest of Quebec had far reaching results, what was the immediate effect of this conquest and what did it mean for the British? For the British this was a victory for the French empire but the war was only starting and this provoked debility in the power of other colonies.

7. What was the role of taxation in America and what part did it play in the British losing the 13 Colonies? The taxing was the reason why the 13 colonies wanted to be independent, because it was too high and was impoverishing the colonies           

8. What does `no taxation without consent’ refer to or, how were the British using taxation against the American Colonies?  The American were paying the war against France and that was without their consent or agreement

9.  The Stamp Act became known as the Tax of Knowledge, explain why and how. Was a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp. These printed materials were legal documents, magazines, newspapers and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies

10.  Where and when did the British finally surrender to the American Patriots? At 1781 in Yorktown after 6 years of war.

The first Australians

The First Australians

1.     The British arrived in Australia in what year?  How does this year correspond to their colonies and activities elsewhere in the Empire?

They arrived 26 January 1788. Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States, 1607-1788 (1986).

2. What was the original landing site of their arrival called by the Aborigines and what was it renamed by the British? Warang and the British called Sydney Cove

3.  Who was on the British ship and what was their interest in Australia at the time? 13,000 people and more than the half were convicts and soldiers

4.  What was the Dreaming or Dreamtime in Aboriginal spirituality? The Dreamtime laid down the patterns of life for the Aboriginal people

They believe that every person that currently exists is going to eternally in the Dreaming. This eternal part existed before the life of the individual begins, and continues to exist when the life of the individual ends. Both before and after life, it is believed that this spirit-child exists in the Dreaming and is only initiated into life by being born through a mother.

5. Who was the Aborgine who took on a significant role among the settlers and, later, in England itself? Bennelong, in 1788. Bennelong served as an interlocutor between the Eora and the British, both in Sydney and in the United Kingdom.

6.  How would you characterize his situation, or, what do you think he was thinking he was going to accomplish? He was the new discovery to Britain, because when he returned to Australia he had no power anymore and no friends.

7.  How does the British Australian experience of colonization differ and how does it overlap with their previous attempts in North America, which includes Canada Marien, and India? They have the same effect on the native population and, differs on that they didn’t take slaves to Australia, they used the natives. And Australia became a huge prison camp

8. Bonus Question: What do you do with a drunken sailor? I will make him walk the plank

activity of self portraits on English assingnment

WEDNESDAY ACTIVITY:

1.     - In the whim is the same, but the quality changes with the camera and a professional studio.

2.    Because we want to leave an evidence of existence, the evidence that we were here in a spatial place and in a period of time, the worst fear of human being is to be forgotten.

3.    I think is both, a narcissistic love because we use that image to represent ourselves and also a study because we are in constant movement, we change continuously and we have the necessity to record these changes.